INTRODUCTION & EVOLUTION
Animal body plan
- Cell aggregate----------------->Sponges
- Blind sac----------------->Cnidarians and flatworms
- Tube within tube----------------->Nemathelminthes onwards
Spherical symmetry----------------->Protozoa
Radial symmetry----------------->Coelenterates, Echinoderms and some sponges
Biradial symmetry----------------->Anthozoa(Sea anemone), Ctenophora(Comd jelly)
- Flat worms----------------->Pseudo-metamerism
- Acoelomate----------------->Cnidaria
- Pseudocoelomate----------------->Nemathelminthes
Schizocoel----------------->Formed by splitting of mesoderm (Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca)
Enterocoel----------------->Formed by pouches of archenteron (echinodermata and some chordates)
- Major phyla----------------->10
- Minor phyla----------------->26
Solar system originated 4.6 billion years ago.
- Theory of special creation----------------->proposed by Hebrew et. Al.
- Panspermia----------------->Arrehenius
- Cosmozoan/Spore----------------->Ritcher
- Theory of spotangenous generation----------------->Anaximander
- Theory of biogenesis----------------->Proposed by Harvey and Huxey
E. Haeckel formulated the ‘Biogenetic law’, which states ‘oncogeny recapitulates phylogeny.’
Francisco Redi’s experiment----------------->Cooked meat
Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment----------------->broth
Louis Pasteur’s Experiment ----------------->Swan-necked flask
Pasteur is father of immunology and gave Germ theory of disease.
The atmosphere of primitive period was reducing not oxidisng as it is today.
Homologous organ---------------------->Similar origin but dissimilar function---------------------->Homology suggests divergent evolution.
Analogous function---------------------->Have different embryonic origin but same function---------------------->Analogy suggests convergent evolution.
Fossils are mostly found in sedimentary rock.
Atavism is sudden reappearance of some ancestral organs which have either completely disappeared or are present as vestigial organs.
Age of man or epoch of human civilization is Holocene.
Theory of “continuity of Germplasm” or “Germplasm theory” was formulated by Weismann.
Energy sources ----------------->Solar radiation, lightening, hot volcanic ash
Miller-Urey experiment
- Water and Hydrogen:Ammonia:Methane=2:1:1
- Formed----------------->glycine, atanine, aspartic acid, amino acid
Co-acervates term coined by Oparin.
Co-acervates were aggregates of protein.
The pre-cell stage of life (Eobiont) was formed during the chemogeny stage.
Theory of biochemical evolution most widely accepted, Oparin and Haldane.
Haldane termed hot dilute soup or prebiotic soup.
Tectology----------------->Study of functional anatomy.
Connecting link
Virus----------------->Living and Non-living
Euglena----------------->Plant and animal in (3 kingdom system)
Chlamydomonas ----------------->Plant and animal (5 kingdom system)
Proterospongia----------------->Protozoa and porifera
Peripatus----------------->Annelida and arthropoda
Neopilina----------------->Annelida and Mollusca
Balanoglossus----------------->Non-chrodate and Chordate
Seymouria----------------->Amphibia and Reptilia
Dipnoi(Lung fish) ----------------->Pisces and Amphibia
Chimaera(Rabiit fish)----------------->Bony and cartilaginous fish
Echidna, Ornithorhyncus----------------->Reptile and mammal
Living fossil
Arthropoda----------------->Limulus, Peripatus
Mollusca----------------->Nautilus, Neopilina
Brachiopoda----------------->Lingula
Coelacanth fish----------------->Latimeria
Reptile----------------->Sphenodon
Opossum----------------->Didelphis
Theory of recapitulation/ biogenetic law----------------->Haeckel
Banding of 3rd and 6th chromosome of man and chimpanzee is same.
| Era | Evolved |
| Ordovician | Fish |
| Devonian | Amphibia |
| Carboniferous | Reptilia |
| Triassic | Dinosaur and mammals |
Cenozoic era is called “the age of mammals and birds.”
New world monkey
- Prehensile long tail
- Flat nose, outwardly directed nostril
Old world monkey
- Short, non-prehensile tail
- Narrow, downwardly directed nostril
Proconsul was intermediate between apes and man.
Linnaeus gave the scientific name, ‘Homo sapiens’.
Anthropoids are common ancestor of monkey, ape and human.
Dryopithecus
Common ancestor of man and apes.
Ramapithecus
Edward Lewis found fossil from Pliocene rock of Shivalik hills of India
Australiopithecus
Lived in caves during Pleistocene period
Lucy and Raymond dart found fossil
First man to stand erect
Prognathous face no chin
Cranial capacity 500 to 700 cc
Homo habilis
Handy man
Lived in groups or community
Walked fully straight with bipedal locomotion.
First hominid tool maker.
Leaky found fossil
Division of labour and communication
Cranial capacity 700 to 800 cc
Homo erectus
Pithecantropus
Java man
Eugene Dubois found fossil
Prognathous face, slanting forehead
Use fire for cooking
940 cc cranial capacity
Peking man
W.C. Pie found fossil
Cranial capacity 800 to 1200 cc
Greater than Java man.
Evidence of fire use.
Neanderthal
C. Fuwortt found fossil
Lived during late Pleistocene.
Prognathous face
No chin, domed head.
Clothing
First who lived in caves.
1st speech center developed.
Had religion, culture and buried dead.
Cranial capacity 1300 to 1600 (1450) cc
Cro-magnon
Mac Gregor found evidence
Orthognathous face
Broad and arched forehead
Chin developed
Carvings, paintings
Cranial capacity- 1650 CC
Lamarck coined term Biology and Invertebrates.
Lamarck published Philosophic zoologique.
Hereditory and variation postulated by Darwin.
Term ‘survival of fittest’ given by Herbert spencer while ‘natural selection’ by Darwin.
Main drawback of Darwin’s theory is variation.
“Theory of Natural Selection” given by Wallace(for first time) and Darwin.
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
Anadromous---------------> sea to river (salmon, hisla, lamprey)
Catadromous---------------> river to sea (eel, Anguilla)
Amidromous--------------->both(gobies)
Potamodromous--------------->river only(carp and trout)
Oceanodromuous--------------->sea only(mackeres, tuna, herrings)
Latitudinal migration---------------> North to South.
Study of animal behavior is ethology.
Camels have rumen cells in stomach.
Convergent evolution--------------->Analogous organs
Divergent evolution--------------->Homologous organs
ANIMAL ADAPTATION
Cursorial------------>Running
Plantigrade------------>entire palm rest on ground
digitigrade------------>digits rest on ground
unguligrade------------>nail or roof rest on ground
Arboreal or Scansorial------------> tree
Prehensile------------>Important part that help to catch
Fossorial------------>digging or burrowing
Volant------------>flying
Aquatic------------>Water
Amphibian------------>both aquatic and terrestrial.