INTRODUCTION TO PLANT BIOLOGY

DNA fragments can be separated by South Moulting.

Resolving power of Light microscope---> 20

Transmission electron microscope------> 0.2 nm

Scanning electron microscope-------> 5 to 20 nm

Electron in electron microscope are of wavelength 0.05A°

Robert Hooke first created simple microscope and compound microscope created by Zacharia and Jansen that can magnify upto 2000 times.

Phase contrast microscope is used to study living cells without any stains.

Electron microscope invented by Knoll and Risks.

Name.	Father of
Aristotle.	Biology, zoology and embryology
Von Baer.	Modern embryology
George Cuvier.	Modern paleontology, competitive anatomy
Linnaeus.	Taxonomy
Harvey.	Blood circulation
Paulberg.	Genetic engineering
Plater.	Parasitology
Muller	cytogenetics /radiogenetics
v. Corenchevesky.	Gerontology
Addison.	Endocrinology

Name.	Study of
Arthrology.	Joints
Andrology.	Male genital organs
Carcinology.	Crustaceans
Ethology.	Animal behaviour
Herpetology.	Reptiles and amphibians
Acarology.	Ticks and mites

Name.	Coined the term
Lamarck and triviranus.	Biology
Linnaeus.	Systematics
August de Candolle.	Taxonomy

Name.	Book
Aristotle.	Historia animaliun
Theophrastus.	Historia Planatarum
Lamarck.	Ohilosophie zoologique
Linnaeus.	Systema Naturae and plantanum
Gyorgi.	Nature of Life
Oparin.	Origin of life on earth

Common stain.	Material stain.	Colour
Acetocarmine.	Nucleus, chromosome,	pink
Aniline blue.	Fungi, spores, starch.	Blue
Cotton blue.	Fungi.	Violet
Crystal violet.	Bacteria.	Violet
Feulgen's test and Schiff's reagent.	DNA.	Magnets
Janus green. blue	Mitochondria.	Greenish
Saffranin.	Xylem, lignin, protein.	Red
Haematoxylin and Geimas orcein.	Nucleus.	Blue and magnets

BIODIVERSITY

Systematics coined by Carlous Linnaeus.

New systematic coined by Huxley.

Term taxonomy coined by August de Candolle.

Aristotle

Father of zoology

Divided living things into plan and animal

Plants into herbs, shrubs and tree

Historia Animalium book

Classified animals into Anaima(no red blood, invertebrates) and Enaima(red blood, vertebrates)

Enaima further divided into Ovipara and Vivipara

Theophrastus

Historia plantarum

Father of botany

Charak

Charak samhita(Father of Ayurveda)

John Ray

defined ‘Species’

Historia Generalis Plantarum

Developed ‘Key’ for identification of animals

Carlous Linnaeus

Father of taxonomy

Species plantarum

Systema Naturae

Kingdom

Division/Phylum

Class

Family

Genus

Species

(@KD Co Father Government Service)

Sympatric---------------------->Species living in same geographical area

Allopatric---------------------->Species living in different geographical area

Cryptic/Sibling species---------------------->Related species that are morphologically similar but reproductively isolated

Endemic species---------------------->Species restricted to given area

Phylogenic tree also called genealogical tree of dendrogram.

2 kingdom system by---------------------->Linnaeus

3 kingdom system by ---------------------->Ernst Haeckel

4 kingdom system by ---------------------->Copeland

5 kingdom system by ---------------------->Whittaker

5 kingdom system based on

Complexity of cell
Complexity of organism
Mode of nutrition
Major ecological role

Carboniferous period is the age of pteridophytes.

VIRUS

Study called virology

Stanley( father)

Ivanosky( discovered by)

Pasteur (coined the term virus)

Contagium vivum fluid----------> Beijernick

Virus is link between living and non-living.

Tobacco mosaic virus was first virus to be recognized as disease causing.

Virus is an obligate parasite and cannot multiply outside host cell.

Stanley first crystallized a TMV virus. (@ Stanley ka dabba)

Most plant virus are ss-RNA virus except mosaic virus which are ds DNA virus.
Most animal virus are ds DNA virus except all human disesse causing including influenza, AIDS, rabies, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, dengue fever, rhino virus, all hepatitis except hepatitis B which are ss-RNA virus.
Here, ss(single stranded) and ds(double stranded).

Leuco virus has both DNA and RNA.

Single stranded DNA virus

Coliphage, Parvo virus, Bacteriophage, ф x 174.

Double stranded RNA virus

Reo sarcoma, mycophage, Rice dwarf, rota, penicillium, wound tumour virus.

Brick shapes-Small pox virus

Spherical- Influenza virus

Rod like- Tobacco Mosaic virus

Tadpole like- Bacteriophage

Bullet shaped- Rabies virus

Interferon- Chemical protein against viral activity synthesized by body.

Virions-Infection causing mature particle of virus

Viroids- only RNA present nacked virus. Cause never recovering disease

Virusoids- Non-infectious fragment of RNA

Prions-Only protein containing infectious agent discovered by Prusiner.

Viroids cause potato spindle tuber disease, cucumber pale fruit, chrysanthemum stunt, cadang cadang of coconut.

Prions cause parkinsonism, mad cow disease, creutzfeld jakob disease.

Inner core of virus is nucleic acid(either RNA or DNA) and covered by protein coat capsid. Unit of capsid is capsomer. Number of capsomer in a virus is fixed.

Lytic cycle- Virus is virulent and multiplies in host cell leading to lysis.

Lysogenic cycle- Viral nucleic acid gets incorporated to host DNA and remain intact for long time. Such inactive phages are temperate phages or prophage or pro-virus.

Cyanophages used in removing water bloom.
Virus never affect apical meristem.
Bunchy top of banana caused by virus and bunchy top of papaya by mycophage.

MONERA AND BACTERIA

Archaebacteria
Eubacteria

Archaebacteria---Live in most extreme environmental condition.

Lack peptidoglycan.

Type

Methanogenes(methane producing)
Halophiles(Salt loving)
Thermoacidophiles(high temperature and acid loving)

Eubacteria

Cyanobacteria
Actinomycetes
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Mycoplasm
Bacteria

Rickettsia

intermediate between virus and bacteria. Stained by Giemsa’s stain and heil Fleix test.
Obligate intracellular parasite of gut of arthropoda.

Mycoplasma

Joker of plant kingdom
No cell wall.
DNA linear.
Require sterol from outside for growth.
Cause little leaf of brinjal, bunchy top of papaya, etc.

Cyanobacteria

Blue Green Algae(BGA)
Gram –ve
Oxygen producing prokaryote.
Connecting link between bacteria and algae.
Contain cyanophycian granules, volutin granules, etc.
Pyrenoids absent.
Water bloom is due to extensive growth of cyanobacteria.
Heterocyst help in nitrogen fixation.
Red colour of sea is due to Trichodesmiun erythrium.
BGA has both photosystem-I (PSI) and PSII.

Symbiotic assiociation

Lichen(BGA with fungi)
Coralloid root(BGA with roots of cycas)
BGA(anabaena) with pteridophyte(azolla)
BGA(Nostoc) with bryophyte(anthocerus)

Actinomycetes

Ray fungi

Link between bacteria and fungi.

Maximum antibiotics produced from.

Bacteria

Study bacteriology

Koch(father)

Leewenhoek(discovered)

Ehrenberg(Termed)

(@ DiL TerE BapKo)

Pasteur is father of microbiology and gave germ theory of disease.

Largest- Beggiatoa

Smallest- Dialister

Cell wall made upof NAM or peptidoglycan or murein and NAG.
Mesosomes instead of mitochondria for respiration.

Gram +ve----> Teichoic acid, Purple eg(@ +2 SLC ra BSC ko bichma) {Stephylococcus, Listeria, Clostridium, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Corynbacterium}

Episome or plasmid- Capable of autonomous replication or integrate into bacterial DNA.

R-plasmid- Resistant to antibiotics
Nif-plasmid-Nitrogen fixation

Flagella-Atrichous-No flagella

Monotrichous-single at one end

Amphitrichous-single at both ends

Cephalotrichous- group at one end

Lophotrichous-group at both ends

Peritrichous-throughout surface

Symbiotic-Rhizobium

Free living-Azotobactor, Clostridium, Rodospirillium

Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus

(Ammonia to nitride)

Nitrobacter and Nitrocystis

(Nitrite to nitrate)

Pseudomonas- Nitrate to N₂

Transformation---------Griffith---------(Diplococcus pneumonia)

Transduction---------Zinder and Lederberg---------Salmonella typhimurium

Conjugation---------Tatum and Lederberg---------E. coli

Binary fission is common method of reproduction in coccus and budding in bacillus.

LICHEN

Symbiotic association between Green algae and actinomycetes or BGA and Basidomycetes.

Coined by Theophrastus.

Pioneer of vegetation in lithosere.

Indicator of air pollution (mainly SO₂).

Crustose-----------> Entire thallus attached to substratum. Eg. Graphis
Folliose-------------> Rhizines are absorption site, it has leafy appearance. Eg. Parmelia, Petigera, Physica (@3P)
Fruticose------------> Disc is attached to stratum, has bushy appearance. Eg. Usnea, Cladonia, Cetraria

Cyphellae---------> Meant for gaseous exchange.

Cephalodia------------> retain moisture

Isidia------------> For photosynthesis and vegetative propagation

Soredia-------------> For vegetative propagation

Usnea------------>Old man’s beard------------->Cause forest fire

Cladonia---------->Reindeer moss

Cetraria------------->Iceland moss---------------->Cure Diabetes

Lobaria-------------->Lung wort----------------->Cure pulmonary TB

Parmelia------------->Rock flower

Petigera--------------->Cure hydrophobia

Rocella--------------->used to make litmus

ALGAE

Father- Fritsch

Termed Algae- Linnaeus

Clorophilous organism having unicellular non-jacketed sex structure called gametangia.

Phytoplanktons(Volvox, Diatoms)

Benthic(Chara)

Epiphytic(Oedogonium)

Ebpzoic(Cladophora)

Endozoic(Zoochlorella)

Largest algae- Macrocystis/Nereocystis

Red snow-Chlamydomonas nivalis
Yellow snow- Chalmydomonas flavovirens
Blue snow- Dactylococcopsis
Green snow- Chalamydomonas yellowstonensis
Black snow- Raphidonema and Scotiella nivalis

Red algar- Rhodophyceae

r-phycoerythrin, r-phycocyanin, Floridean starch, Chl-d

Green algae- Chlorophyceae

Starch, Chl-b

Phaeophyceae- Brown Algae

Fucoxanthin, laminarian oil, mannitol, chl-b,c

In two kingdom system, diatoms, dinoflagellates, bacteria, euglena, etc. come under algae.

Chlorophyll a and carotene are universal pigments found in algae.

Shape of chloroplast

Spiral--------------------->Spirogyra

Cub shaped--------------------->Chlamydomonas

Reticulate--------------------->Oedognium

Girdle/horse shoe--------------------->Ulothrix

Star like--------------------->Zygnema

Ovoid/Discoid--------------------->Chara

Xanthophyceae(yellow green algae) have chlorophyll e.

Cladophora--------------------->attach to snail’s shell

Stigeocolonium--------------------->on gills of fish

Characium--------------------->attach to mosquito

Cephaleuros virescence(green algae) cause red rust of tea.

Cephaleuros Arabica(green algae) cause red rust of coffee.

Harvyella--------------------->red alga, disease on moss

Carrageenin, agar agar(Gracillaria, Gelidium) are extracted from red alga(agarophytes).

Chlamydomonas--------------------->biflagella

Flagella developed from ‘Bleparoplast’ also known as basal granule.
Stigma or eye spot lies at the nterior end which is photoreceptive organ.
Life cycle of chlamydomonas is haplontic.
Sexual reproduction by isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy.

Spirogyra--------------------->pond scum, water silk or ond silk

Zoospores not found.
Sexual reproduction is isogamous.
Each zyospore gives a single filament.

Ulothrix

Zoospore is quadriflagellated.
Haplontic life cycle.

Oedogonium

Each cell consists of one or more transverse ring like structure called apical cap.
Cell with apical cap is ‘cap cell’.
Zoospores are uninucleated and multiflagellated.

Vaucheria

Tallus is coenocyteic.
Zoospore multinucleated, multiflagellated.
So, called coenozoospore.

Batrachospermum is red algae but it is not red in colour.

Chara--------------------->stone wort

Batrachospermum--------------------->Frog’s spawn

Chondrus crispum--------------------->Irish moss

Hydrodictyon--------------------->Water net

Blue green algae associated with red tide phenomenon are Trichodesmium

FUNGI

Study mycology

Father Micheli

Father of modern mycology- de Barry (also father of plant pathology)

Termebd by------> Bauhin

Glycogen or oil globules is reserve ood material.

Monoblwpharis and Saprolegmia are commonly called ‘water mould’.

Rhizopus------> pin mould or bread mould

Penicillium------> Blue or green mould

Rhizoctonia (fungus) is associated with roots of orchid.

Mycorrhiza is ectotrophic in Pinus and endotropic in Orchids.

Plant body is represented by mycelium and single filament of mycelium is Hyphae.

Epixylic fungi------>wood

Coprophillous fungi------->dung

Zoospore------> uniflagellate------> Synchytrium

Biflagellate------> Saprolegnia, Pythium, Albugo

Mycomycetes

Slime moulds
No hyphae
Vegetative phase is nacked mass of protoplasm called pseudoplasmodium.
Eg. Synchytrium(cause wart disease)

Phycomycetes

Algal fungi

Also called black moulds.

Hyphae------>Coenocytic

Other fungi have cell wall of chitin but oomycetes have both cellulose and chitin.

Ascomycetes

Sac fungi
Septate and multinucleated
Asexual reproduction by conidia.
Conidiophores are branched in Penicillium and unbranched in Aspergillus.
Complete absence of motile cells.
Eg. Yeast, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Penicillium

Basidomycetes

Club fungi
Hyphae septate and uninucleated.
Basidospore(Sexual spore or Meiospore)
Eg. Mushroom, Ustilago, Puccinia

Deuteromycetes

Fungi imperfecti
Hyphae septate and uninucleated
No sexual reproduction

Conidiospore------------> ( Deuteromycetes and Ascomycetes)

Zoospore------------> (Oomycetes)

Sporangium------------> (Zygomycetes)

Yeast(Saccharomyces)------------>smallest fungi. Source of vitamin B2(Riboflavin).

Black wart disease of Potato------------>Synchytrium

White rust of crucifers------------>Albugo candida

Early blight of Potato------------>Alternaria solani

Late blight of Potato------------>Phytopthora infestans

Black rust of wheat------------>Puccina graminis

Red rot of Sugarcane------------>Colletrichum falcatum

Smut of corn------------> Ustilago maydis

BRYOPHYTE

Father------------>Herdwig

Coined by------------>Braun

Sphagnum is semi-aquatic.

Species of Dendroceros are epiphytes.

Largest------------>Dawsonia

Smallest------------>Zoopsis

Longest------------>Fontinalis

Plant body

Thallose------------>Riccia, Marchantia, Anhoceros
Foliose------------>Moss, Sphagnum

Male sex organ------------>Antheridium, club shaped structure producing biflagellated motile male gamete

Female sex organ------------>Archegonium, flask shaped having tubular neck and swollen venter

Neck canal cells

(4-6) ------------> in Riccia and Marchantia

(6-10) ------------> in Funaria

Archegonium

Marchantia------------>inverted
Funaria------------>Erect
Fern------------> Curved neck with binucleated neck canal cell
Angiosperm------------>Absent

Calyptra(n) haploid structure is formed from wall of venter after periclinal division.

Sporophyte is generally differentiated into foot, seta and capsule except in Riccia where only Capsle is present.

Bryophytes are homosporous i.e. spores are haploid and alike.

Operculum consists of two row(16+16) of peristome teeth.

Sporophyte is dependent (in Marchantia) or semi-dependent ( in Funaria) gametophyte.

If mature moss sporophyte is detached from moss plant, gametophyte will not die but there will be no spore formation.

Hepaticopsida------------>Liverworts

Abtoceropsida------------>Hornworts

Bryopsida------------>Mosses

Marchantia

Dioecious
Antheridium develops in male receptacle and is disc shaped.
Archegonium develops in female receptacle and is star shaped or umbrella shaped.
Archegonia are inverted.
Each archegonia has 6 rows of neck cells, 4-6 neck canal cell and single vender canal cell.
Capsule consists of spores(n) and elaters (2n).

Funaria

Sciophyte(shade loving)
Scales absent.
Also called green moss/ cord moss/ common moss.
Archegonia are erect.
Antheridia are separated by sterile paraphysis and covered by vegetative leaves called perigonal leaves.
Perigonium= Perigonial leaves+Antherigium
Archegonia is covered by vegetative leaves called perichaetium or involucres.
Largest archegonium of plant is present in Funaria.

PTERIDOPHYTE

Funaria is fixed to substratum by multicellular rhizoids and Marchantia by unicellular rhizoids.

Peteridophyta------------> called snake of plant kingdom

Term coined by------------>Haeckel.

Palaeozoic era(age of pteridophytes).

Vascular plants lacking seeds.

Rhynia and Coksonia are first fossil plants grouped under psiophytale(now extinct first land vascular plants.)

Largest------------>Cyathea

Smallest------------>Azolla

Tallest------------>Alsophila

Vascular elements xylem vessels and xylem fibers, companion cells and sieve tubes absent but sieve cells present instead.

Equisetum has vascular bundles as higher plants.

Secondary growth absent except in Isoetes and Botrychium.

Selaginella and equisetum have vessels.

Sporangium develops from group of cells(Eusporangiate). Eg, Selaginella, Lycopodium, Equisetum.

Sporangium develops from single initial cell (Leptosporangiate). Eg. Azolla, Salvinia, Pteris, Dryopteris, Marselia

Apogamy (Sporophyte from gametophyte without fertilization)

Apospory(gametophyte from sporophyte without fertilization)

Parthenogenesis(new sporophyte without fertilization)

Induisium is true in Dryopteris that develops from placenta or placental tissue.

Equisetum is also called Horse tail.

Adiantum caudatum is called walking fern.

Selaginella lepidophylla is resurrection plant.

Number of spores in sporangium of Fern is 64.

Fern stele is dictyostele.

Antherozoids------------>Biflagellated(Selaginella) & Multiflagellated, spirally coiled(Fern)

GYMNOSPERM

Nacked seed plants.

Termed------------>Theophrastus

They lack pericarp (nacked seed)

Ovary (fruits not formed)

Largest------------>Sequoia gigantia

Smallest------------>Zamia pygmaea

Living fossil------------>Cycas, Ginkgo, Metasequoia

Leaves lack lateral veins and lateral translocation of minerals takes place by the help of transfusion tissue.

Vessel absent except Gnetum.

Xylem fibers absent.

Companion cells replaced by albuminous cells.

Ephedra have only scaly leaves.

Pollination at 3 celled stage (Cycas) or 4 celled stage(Pinus) or 5 celled stage(Ephedra).
Ovules nacked and unitegmic, maybe orthotropus(Cycas and other), anatropous(Pinus).
Archegonia in ovule (1 in Gnetum and Welwitschia, 2 in Pinus, 2-8 in Cycas and absent in Gnetum).
Monoxylic wood in Pinus and Polyxylic in cycas.
Dioecius cycas and Monoecius Pinus.
Cycas------------>Collaroid root and Pinus------------>Mycorrhizal root
In cycas, ptylis as fern and in Pinus, circinate ptylis absent
In cycas------------>Secondary growth abnormal and in Pinus------------>Secondary growth absent
In Cycas, female cone loosely arranged and in pinus compact female cone
In Cycas, archegonium(2-celled neck cell) and in Pinus(4-celled neck cell)
In cycas, hypogeal seed germination and in Pinus, epigeal seed germination.
In Cycas, Pycnoxylic and in Pinus (Manoxylic)

Plant Diversity (Virus to Gymnosperm) Notes