Respiratory system relates to air channel and gaseous exchange in human body. It supplies oxygen into blood and expels carbondioxide outside the human body.
Video notes:RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nasal cavity lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Paranasal sinuses are- Frontal sinus, Ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus, stephenoid sinus
Common site of epistaxis is little’s/ Kiesselbach’s area.
Pharynx is common organ for respiration and digestion.
Eustachian tube connects middle ear and nasopharynx.
Cartilage
Laryx has 9 cartilage (6 types, 3 paired, and 3 umpaired)
• Unpaired cartilage (@ETC) Epiglottis, Thyroid, Cricoid
• Paired cartilage Arytenoid, Cuneiform, Corniculate
• Elastic cartilage Epiglottis, Corniculate, Cuneiform
• Hyanline cartilage (@CAT) Cricoid, Arytenoid, Thyroid
Trachea has C shaped hyaline carilages. Trachea bifurcated at T4 and right bronchi wider, vertical and shorter (@ Right wives)
Alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium
Type-I alveolar cell à Secrete ACE
Type-II alveolar cell à secrete surfactant
Space between two lungs is media stinum
Lungs
• Human (5) ---------------> Right 3, Left 2
• Rabbit (6) ---------------> Right 4, Left 2
• Frog (1)
Diaphragm supplied by phrenic artery, characteristic feature of mammal and
Flattens during inspiration
Dome shape during expiration
One molecule of Hb can carry four molecules of oxygen
One gram of Hb can bind 1.34 ml of oxygen
• Anoxia ---------------> Absense of o2
• Hypoxia ---------------> Decreased o2 level in blood
• Asphyxia ---------------> Suffocatio as a result of airway obstruction
Oxygen Hb dissociation curve
1. Show relationship between percentage saturation of Hb with oxygen and partial pressure of oxygen
2. It is sigmoid shaped curve
Right shift
1. Decreased affinity of Hb for o2, more release of o2 to tissue
2. Increase H+ ion
3. Decrease pH
4. Increase pCO2 of blood
5. Increase temperature
6. Increase 2,3 DPG (Secerated by RBC in high altitude)
Bohr’s effect
---------------> High Co2 concentration causes decreased affinity of Hb for o2
Haldane effect
---------------> High oxygen concentration enhances the unloading of co2
Chloride shift (Hamburger shift)
---------------> Exchange of HCO3- and Cl- across the membrane of RBC
• Tidal Volume ---------------> 500ml
• Inspiratory reserve volume ---------------> 3100 ml
• Expiratory reserved volume ---------------> 1200ml
• Residual volume ---------------> 1200 ml
• Vital capacity ---------------> IRB+ ERV+ TV = 4800ml
• Dead space ---------------> 150 ml
• Total lung capacity ---------------> VC+RV = 6000ml
Tachypnoea ---------------> Increase in respiratory rate
Dyspnoea ---------------> Difficulty in breathing
Orthopnoea ---------------> Difficulty in breathing while laying down
Haemoptysis ---------------> Coughing out of blood
Haemotemasis ---------------> Vomiting out of blood
Hematochaezia ---------------> Passage of fresh blood in stool
Malena ---------------> Passage of (Not fresh) altered blood in stool