Skeletal system relates to bones and joints in human body. It provides basic structure to the body. In entrance exams bone of Rabbit is more important. Comparative study of bones in frog, rabbit and human would be easier to remember and score high in MCQs.
Video Notes:
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Axial
• Skull-22
• Ribs-12 pairs
• Sternum-1
• Vertebrae- 26
• Hyoid bone-6
Skull
• Cranial-8
• Facial-14
Cranial bone
Virus Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh.
V and M------------>Vomer and Mandibular are only unpaired bones in face.
Vertebrae
• C7H12L5S5Co4 (Baby)
• C7H12L5S1Co1 (Adult)
Dentary------------>Lower jaw (Half of lower jaw – Ramous)
Diastema-------------> Gap between incisor and premolar
Rodenia(Rat order) and Lagomorpha(Rabbit order)---------------> Have diastema
Suspensorium (Lower jaw join to upper jaw)
• Craniostyllic-Rabbit
• Autostylic-Frog
Rabbit vertebrae-------------> C7H12-13L6-7S4Co16
Dental formula-------------> 2033/1023 (Rabbit), 2123/2123(Man)
Acoelous---> Bone, Flat posterior and anterior
Procoelous----> Bone, front concave, rear convex
Amphicoelous----> Both surface concave
Vertebrae-----------> Man(26), Rabbit(45 to 47) , Frog(10)
Atlas--------> No prezygapophysis
Typical vertebrae of frog (2-7)---------> Acoelous + 9th vertebrae
8th vertebrae of frog is Amphicoelous.
Cervical vertebrae-------------> 7 in all mammals except Sea cow (6), Sloth(8)
Atlas--------------->Neural spine reduced, No centrum, both zygapophysis
Axis------------------> Odontoid process(Dens), Post zygapophysis only present
Typical cervical-----------------> Transverse process + Short pointed neural spine, both zygapophysis
Thoracic vertebrae----------------> 1st has long backwardly directed neural spine
Lumbar vertebrae-------------------> Anterior lumbar has hypapophysis
Sternum--------------> Breast bone
Xiphoid cartilage
• Manubrium(1)
• Gladiolus(2-6)
• Xiphisternum (7) bear xiphoid cartilage
Ribs and thoracic vertebrae
• C to C Centrum to Capitulum)
• T to t (tuberculum to transverse process)
Pectorial girdle
• Coracoid process
• Acromian process
• Metacromian process
Pelvic girdle ---------------> Ilium + Ischium = Acetabulum
Only pubis doesnot form acetabularia.
Largest foramen of body(between pubis and ischium)---------------------> Obturator foramen
Cotyloid between ilium and ischium.
Digital formula
Rabbit Frog Human
Fore limb 2,3,3,3,3 0,2,2,3,3 2,3,3,3,3
Hind limb 0,3,3,3,3 2,2,3,4,3 2,3,3,3,3
Humerus
Olecranon fossa, Coronoid fossa, Deltoid ridge
Radio-ulna-------> Epiphysis (Tibia-fibula)
Tibia------------> Cnemial crest
Deltoid ligament------------> Ankle joint
Stiffness of joint in old age is due to decrease in synovial fluid
Sprain-------------> Excessive stretching causing twis of pull of ligament.
Bone to bone joining is done by ligament.
Ball and socket joint---------------->Shoulder and hip
Hinge joint---------------->Elbow and phalangeal joint
Pivot joint---------------->Atlas and skull
Saddle joint---------------->Thumb joint
Gliding joint---------------->Radius and ulna
Angular joint---------------->Wrist joint
Knee joint is largest in body
Floating ribs, 2 in human, 3 in rabbit.
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zoology video