Pest, disease, and disorders in Coffee are the major problems in Coffee cultivation. Coffee plant is affected by different coffee diseases, and pests. In order to secure our yield, we need to protect our plants from various coffee plant diseases, coffee leaf rust, coffee wilt disease, coffee pests and coffee fungus. Here, we are going to discuss various problems related to Coffee farming and their control measures. Various pests and pesticides, diseases, and control methods and disorders are hereby discussed.
1.Anthracnose
Causative agent (Fungus): Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides
It causes three 3 types of disease.
Twig die-back
Symptoms of the disease:
The leaves turn yellow, burn, wither and dry out. Buds of infected branches tend to dry out without blooming. Sprouts and branches grow abundantly on the stem giving a bushy appearance. The leaves of the open branch are small and thick, short internode, and branch appear fan-shaped.
Prevention/Control
The diseased part should be cut and burnt, 0.5% Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed in Jestha and Ashad.
Necessary shade and fertilization should be provided and mulching is important to preserve moisture around the plant.
Stalk rot
Low temperatures, high humidity, frostbite, rain-frost-soaked plant surface, and high soil moisture contributes to the disease.Symptoms of the disease:
From the place where the leaves and fruits meet the branch, the brown spot grows that progresses towards the tip where fruits and leaves are hanging. The fruit turns black and falls, but the pedicel can remain on the branch. The fruits that remain in the tree are also seen to be ripe in September / October. Such fruits are light and green coffee bean is absent inside.
Prevention/Control
Spray 0.5% Bordo-mixture wetting fruit, branch, and pedicel of the leaf before the beginning of rainfall in Jestha-Ashad.
Brown Blight
In hot weather, the leaves get scars due to extreme heat of the sun or other reasons and the disease bacteria enter from these scars.Symptoms of the disease:
The spots and scars of these diseases meet and the leaves appear to be burnt.
Prevention/Control:
Provide good shade and 0.5% Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed once in Falgun, Jestha, and Ashwin.
2.Root rot
4 types: Brown root disease, Redroot
disease, Blackroot disease, and Santavery root disease.
Symptoms
The leaves of this diseased plant turn yellow, fall off and the upper part of the ground dies. The stem near the ground surface is soft and wet. A hard layer of mould is formed in the root on which small stones are seen sticking. Depending on the type of disease, black or red or black or pink fungus appears on the hard surface when the bark of the underground roots is scratched. Fine roots are dead and easily broken.
Prevention/Control
The diseased plant should be uprooted and burnt.
Put 1-2 kg of lime in pit remaining from uprooting of the diseased plant but do not plant for another 6 months.
A 60cm deep and 30cm wide drain should be made around the infected area, soil should be piled up towards the diseased plant and other healthy plants should be separated through the drain.
Use compost manure 10-15 kg before planting seedlings in the pit.
The use of treated manure (3 kg/plant) in Trichoderma helps in reducing the incidence of the disease.
3.Berry blotch
Coffee orchards that do not have good shade can get stained due to the harsh sun of Bhadra.
Symptoms
The brown stain dries and sticks to the
parchment.
The stain is covered with a pink-yellow
circle. The fruit feels ripe.
Prevention/Control
Shade should be arranged and 1 percent Bordeaux
mixture should be sprayed in Ashwin.
4.Leaf rust
Causative agent(Fungus): Hemileia vastatrix
From Jestha to Kartik, sun, water and
humidity create a favorable environment for the spread of disease. Although it
lasts all year round, it is most prevalent from Bhadra to Kartik. The agent can
be transmitted to healthy plants through air, water, insects, livestock and
humans. The respiratory process of the plant is obstructed, the leaves fall off
and the yield decreases.
Symptoms
The lower surface of the leaf has an orange yellow granular spot and the upper surface has a brown spot. In the month of Mansir / Poush, the leaves fall off and the plant is often bare and the branches dry out from the top and die.
Prevention/Control
Before flowering, after pruning in Falgun
and before rainfall in Jestha and after rainfall in Ashoj, 0.5% (1 kg
Nilotutho: 1 kg lime (calcium oxide): 200 liters water solution) Bordeaux
mixture is sprayed.
(Moku-Saku-Eki) A specially prepared smoky
pesticide (5-6 ml/liter of water) is used to control many kinds of diseases
(Bodh Raj, Syangja). This Japanese method is still under test.
5.Black rot
Frequent rainfall, high humidity (95–100%)
and dense shade create a favorable environment for the spread of the disease.
Causative agent: Koleroga noxia donk
Symptom
The bacteria of this disease attack the
leaves, young shoots, flowers and young fruits and they fall after rotting.
Disease management method:
To prevent this disease, the diseased part
should be cut and burnt.
Unnecessary twigs around the coffee plant
and stems should be removed in Magh-Falgun.
To keep the trunk of the plant open, prune
the shade trees before the onset of rains and keep only the branches that give
proper shade (50%).
Before the onset of rains, 1% Bordeaux
mixture (1 kg blue tutho and 1 kg lime mixed at the rate of 100 liters of
water) should be sprayed once in Jestha and once in Bhadra on both sides of the
leaves.
6. Pink disease
The main causes of this disease are more
rain, more humidity in the air and thicker shade.
Causative agent: Corticium salmonicolor
Symptom
The bark of the infected coffee plant is
crack and a pink mould appears.
The diseased leaves fall off and the
branches dry out.
Prevention/Control:
To prevent this, the branches of shade
trees should be thinned in Ashad and 1% Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed
before and after the onset of rains.
The diseased part of the diseased branch
should be scraped off with a knife and Borda paint or Chauvatia paint should be
applied.
Nursery diseases in Coffee
a.Cercospora leaf spot
The leaves of nursery plants exposed to the sun or without shade appear to have long brown eye-shaped spots. This type of spot can be seen even on the leaves of large plants that do not have shade. The diseased leaves gradually turn yellow and fall off.
Control/prevention:
The nursery should be covered with a canopy
over the seedlings and a side or sack should be placed on the side to block the
sun.
Immediate shade(Hutting) should be given to
the newly planted seedlings.
Mulching should be placed around the base.
Sprinkle ash dust or ash water.
Spray Cow’s urine: water (1:8) 2.3 times a
week for 3-4 weeks. For large coffee plants spray Cow’s urine: water(1:4).
b.Collar rot/ damping off
Causative agent: Rhizoctonia solani
It can be found in coffee beans up to three
months old. Excessive moisture in the nursery soil, very small spacing and
thick shade are the main causes of this disease. The hot and humid environment
helps to spread the disease.
Symptom
Seedling's foot rots with this fungal
disease, the upper part dries out and dies.
Disease management method
Nursery soil should be dried in the sun for
at least 15 days.
Raised beds of 15–20 cm.
Water should be given less.
The seedlings should be kept thin.
The hut should be made in such a way that
the sun and the shade are equal.
Ash dust should be sprayed in the nursery.
The infected seedlings must be destroyed.
Pests
1.White stem borer
Causative agent: Larval stage of Xylotrechus quadripes
Symptom
The bark around the stem or main branch appears
to be cracked and raised.
Plants wither and dry out.
When you look at the trunk or the main
branch, you will find tunnels from the invading part to the hard roots by filling with excreta.
Invaded plants are easily broken when
pulled and are found eating when they are torn.
Older large plants produce for a few years
after being attacked by borer and remain a source of them.
Control/prevention
To make suitable arrangement of shade.
Detecting or uprooting plants attacked by
borers and destroying insect by burning.
Smooth the rough bark of the stem or branch
with a piece of sack or any other rough object.
Use any neem or lip balm.
After the last picking, the plant should be
pruned and used jhol mol should be used.
To conduct community based white stem borer
management campaign.
Place pheromone traps in areas where there
are more problems.
2.Red borer
Causative agent: Larvae of Zeuzera Coffeae
Symptoms
Wilting is seen in the beginning stage and
with the increase in infection branches dry completely.
Hollow tunnels are seen in the infected
part. Stem break easily when pulling or by wind.
Pellets of excreta can be seen hanging out
of the hollow pores.
Prevention/Control
Regular observation and tillage.
Regular pruning.
Infected branches and plants should be
removed from the field and insect should be destroyed by burning.
3.Mealy Bug (Plamococcus citri)
Symptoms
Secrete honey dew that attract ants. Black
spot or fungal growth can be seen on the place where mealy bug stayed.
Small insect covered in white can be seen
sucking plant sap on the young parts of the plants. Young plants start wilting
and dry out eventually.
Control/Prevention
Killing ants.
Provide adequate shade.
Regular observation and tillage.
Neem extract or other bio-extracts is found
to be effective.
Removal of infected plant parts with
insect.
4.Scale insect (Coccus viridis)
Attack on near to veins of lower side of the leaves. Also attack on growing tips and young flowers.
Adult infective
Symptom
Growth of plant cease and plant show
abnormal appearance.
Attract ants and layer of black sooty mold
is seen.
Control/Prevention
Clean cultivation
Neem extract
5.Coffee berry borer (Hypothemeanus coffeae)
After coffee begin hardening, female bug lay egg forming a tunnel. Many stages of insect complete inside berry in a year.
Control
After picking the coffee fruit, the fruit
should not be left on the plant or the ground.
When picking fruits, plastic should be
spread at the base of the plant and fallen fruits should be collected separately.
Pick up fallen and non-seasonal fruits and
destroy them by boiling them in water or 30 cm in the soil. It should be buried
deep.
The shade should be arranged properly.
Water drainage should be well managed.
Insect infested fruit should not be taken
to another area.
Verticillium lecani (1.15 WP per ml) should
be mixed with 4.2 gm per liter of water and sprayed on coffee plants in Bhadra
and repeated after 15 days.
6.Shot-hole borer (Xylosandrus compactus)
It forms a straight hole in internodes.
Twigs seen dry and wilt.
Control/Prevention
Insect infested branches should be cut and
burnt just below the hole.
All water should be removed in time.
The shade should be thinned and water
should be drained.
The Verticillium lecani(Mealykeel 1.5 WP)
should be mixed with 4.2 gm per liter of water and sprayed on the coffee plant
and repeated after 15 days.
7.Coffee bean beetle (Araecerus tasciculatus)
In the stored coffee bean, the female
beetle makes a hole in the flower and larva that hatch out eats the coffee bean
(green bean).
Prevent/Control
Storing coffee beans after proper drying
prevent the outbreak of this pest.
8.Cockchafer beetle (Holotrichia spp.)
Adult feed on leaves and larva feed on roots.
Control/Prevent
When digging the garden and using compost
manure, the larva found should be picked and killed.
Only well decomposed compost/manure
should be used.
Deep tillage and allowed to dry in the sun.
9.Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus coffeae)
It is very harmful to Arabica coffee, as it sucks juice from roots. It also hurts other crops. It eats all the fine secondary and tertiary roots and exposes the main roots. In the rainy season, new roots emerge near the soil surface of the infected plant. The plant is weak and can fall due to no support from roots in the soil. The plant appears diseased, the old leaves turn yellow and fall and the remaining small leaves in the growing points appear as clumps in the folded state. The fruit-bearing branches are thin. The young plants look unhealthy and thin.Prevention/Control
In nursery,
plant marigold near the beds to attract
nematodes.
Deep tillage and solarization
Donot transplant seedlings grown on
infected soil
In main field,
Uproot the infected plant, dig 60cm around
the roots and leave the pit exposed to Sun, donot allow growth of weeds in and
near the pit
Plant marigold near the infected soil
10.Snails
Symptom
Leaf holes and rough scar on covering of
branches.
Abnormal growth of plant tip and branches.
Fruit developing stops and outer part
becomes rough.
Control/Prevention
Regular cleaning of the orchard.
Collect and kill snails.
The use of Ash or Lime is beneficial to keep
snails away.
Deficiency symptoms in coffee
Nitrogen
At first, the old leaves turn yellow and
later the whole leaves turn yellow and stop growing, there is a decrease in
production.
Phosphorus
Vegetation growth is low, buds do not form
well, fruits are small, bark is rough and thick, fruit falls off before it
ripes.
Potassium
The fruit is small in size, the bark is
smooth and thin, the fruit falls off and bursts.
Zinc
At first, the leaves turn yellow but the
leaf veins remain green. Later, burnt spots appear on the leaves
Magnesium
At first, the leaves turn yellow but the
veins remain green. If there is too little, the whole leaf will look copper
colored and the leaf will fall off at the end.
Iron
The veins in the new leaf are green but the
middle part is yellow. (Inter-veinal chlorosis)
Sulfur
The new leaves and buds that emerge in the
spring are completely yellow but the old leaves are still green.
Calcium
Chlorophyll disappears at the edge of the
new leaf. The branches are dying from the top down.
Boron
The fruit is small and the fruit breaks.
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